What is a Mainframe?

The mainframe is a high performance and a high-speed computer system. It is used for larger scale computing purposes that requires great availability and security. It is mostly used in sectors like finance, insurance, retail and other critical areas where huge data are processed multiple times. While performing Mainframe testing, the tester only needs to know about the navigations of the CICS screens. They are custom built for specific applications. Any changes made to the code in COBOL, JCL, etc. tester does not have to worry about the emulator set up on the machine. The changes that work on one terminal emulator will work on others.

The Mainframe application (otherwise called job batch) is tested against the test cases developed using requirements Mainframe Testing is usually performed on the deployed code using various data combinations set into the input file. Applications that run on the mainframe can be accessed through terminal emulator. The emulator is the only software that needs to be installed on the client machine.

In this beginners tutorial, you will learn-

Mainframe Attributes
Classification of Manual Testing in Mainframe
How to do Mainframe Testing Mainframe Automation Testing Tools
Methodology in Mainframe Testing
Steps involved in Batch testing
Steps involved in Online Testing
Steps involved in Online – Batch Integration testing
Commands used in Mainframe Testing
Pre-requisites to start mainframe testing
Best Practices
Mainframe testing Challenges and Troubleshooting
Common Abends encountered
Common issue faced during mainframe testing

Mainframe Attributes

Virtual Storage

It is a technique that lets a processor simulate main storage that is larger than the actual amount of real storage. It is a technique to use memory effectively to store and execute various sized tasks. It uses disk storage as an extension of real storage.

Multiprogramming

The computer executes more than one program at the same time. But at any given moment only one program can have control of CPU. It is a facility provided to make efficient use of the CPU.

Batch Processing

It is a technique by which any task is accomplished in units known as jobs. A job may cause one or more programs to execute in a sequence. The Job scheduler makes a decision about the order in which the jobs should be executed. To maximize the average throughput, jobs are scheduled as per their priority and class. The necessary information for batch processing is provided through JCL (JOB CONTROL LANGUAGE). JCL describes the batch job – programs, data and resources needed.

Time Sharing

In a time-sharing system, each user has access to the system through the terminal device. Instead of submitting jobs that are scheduled for later execution, the user enters commands that are processed immediately. Hence this is called “Interactive Processing”. It enables the user to interact directly with the computer. Time-share processing is known as “Foreground Processing” and the batch job processing is known as “Background Processing.”

Spooling

SPOOLing stands for Simultaneous Peripheral Operations Online. SPOOL device is used to store the output of program/application. The spooled output is directed to output devices like a printer (if needed). It is a facility exploiting the advantage of buffering to make efficient use of the output devices.

Classification of Manual Testing in Mainframe

Mainframe Manual Testing can be classified into two types :

  1. Batch Job Testing –

Testing process involves executions of batch jobs for the functionality implemented in the current release. The test result extracted from the output files and the database are verified and recorded.

  1. Online Testing –

Online Testing refers to testing of CICS screens which is similar to testing of the web page. The functionality of the existing screens could be changed, or new screens could be added. Various applications can have enquiry screens and update screens. The functionality of these screens needs to be checked as part of the online testing.

How to do Mainframe Testing

The Business team prepares requirement documents. Which determines how a particular item or process is going to be modified in the cycle of release. The testing team and the development receive the requirement document. They will figure out how many processes will be affected by the change. Usually, in a release, only 20-25% of the application affected directly by the customized requirement. The other 75% of the release will be for the out-box-functionalities like testing the applications and processes. So, a Mainframe application has to be tested in two parts:

Testing Requirements – Testing the application for the functionality or the change mentioned in the requirement document. Testing Integration – Testing the whole process or other application which receive or send data to the affected application. Regression Testing is the primary focus of this testing activity.

Mainframe Automation Testing Tools

Below is the list of tools which can be used for mainframe Automation Testing.

REXX Excel QTP

Methodology in Mainframe Testing

Let us consider an example: An XYZ insurance company has member enrollment module. It takes data both from member enrollment screen and offline enrollment. As we discussed earlier, it takes two approaches for Mainframe testing, online testing, and batch testing.

Online testing is done on the member enrollment screen. Just like a web page the database is validated with data entered through the screens. Offline enrollment can be paper enrollment or enrollment on a third party website. The Offline data (also referred to as batch) will be entered into the company database through batch jobs. An input flat file is prepared as per the prescribed data format and fed to the sequence of batch jobs. So for mainframe application testing we can use the following approach. The first job in the line of batch jobs validates the data entered. Let say for example special character, alphabets in number only fields, etc. The second job validates the consistency of data based on business conditions. For example, a child enrollment should not contain dependent data, member zip code (which is not available for service by the enrolled plan), etc. The third job modifies the data in the format that can be entered into the database. For instance, deleting the plan name (database will store only plan ID, and insurance plan name), appending date of entry, etc. The fourth job loads the data into the database. Batch job testing is done on this process in two phases – Each job is validated separately, and the Integration between the jobs is validated by providing input flat file to the first job and validating the database. (Intermediary results have to be validated for extra caution)

The following is the method followed for Mainframe testing: Step 1): Shakedown/Smoke Testing The main focus in this stage is to validate whether the code deployed is in the right test environment. It also ensures that there are no critical issues with the code. Step 2): System Testing Below are the types of testing done as part of System Testing.

Batch Testing – This testing will be done by validating the test results on output files and data changes done by the batch jobs under testing scope and recording of them. Online Testing – This testing will be done on the front end of the mainframe application. Here the application is tested for correct entry field like an insurance plan, interest on the plan, etc. Online-Batch Integration testing – This testing will be done on the systems having batch processes and online application. The data flow and interaction between the online screens and the batch jobs is validated. (Example for this type of testing – Consider an update on Plan details like increase of interest rate. The change of interest is done on an update screen, and the balance details on the affected accounts will be modified only by a nightly batch job. Testing in this case will be done by validating the Plan details screen and the batch job run for updating all the accounts).

Database Testing – The databases where the data from the mainframe application (IMS, IDMS, DB2, VSAM/ISAM, Sequential datasets, GDGs) are validated for their layout and the data storage.

Step 3): System Integration Testing The primary purpose of this testing is to validate the functionality of the systems which are interacting with the system under test. These systems are not directly affected by the requirements. However, they use data from the system under test. It is important to test the interface and different types of messages (like Job Successful, Job Failed, Database updated, etc. ) that can possible flow between the systems and the resulting actions taken by the individual systems. Types of testing done in this stage are

Batch Testing Online Testing Online – Batch Integration Testing

Step 4): Regression Testing Regression Testing is a common phase in any type of testing project. This testing in Mainframes ensures that batch jobs and the online screens which do not directly interact with the system under test (or do not come in the scope of requirements) are not affected by the current project release. In order to have effective regression testing, a particular set of test cases should be shortlisted depending on their complexity and a regression bed (Test cases repository) should be created. This set should be updated whenever there is a new functionality rolled out into the release. Step 5): Performance Testing This testing is done to identify the bottlenecks in high hit areas like front end data, upgrading online databases and to project the scalability of the application. Step 6): Security Testing This testing is done to evaluate how well the application is designed and developed to counter anti-security attacks. Two fold security testing should be done on the system – Mainframe security and Network security. The features which need to the tested are

Integrity Confidentiality Authorization Authentication Availability

Steps involved in Batch testing

After the QA team receives the approved package (Package contains procedures, JCL, Control Cards, Modules, etc.), the tester should preview and retrieve the contents into PDS as required. Convert the production JCL or Development JCL into QA JCL otherwise called JOB SETUP. Copying production file and preparing test files. For every functionality, there will be a job sequence defined. (As explained in the example in Methodology in Mainframe section).The jobs should be submitted using the SUB command with the test data files. Check the intermediate file in order to identify the reasons for missing or error-out data. Check the final output file, database and the Spool to validate the test results. If the job fails, the spool will have the reason for the job failure. Address the error and resubmit the job.

Test Reporting – Defect should be logged if the actual result deviates from expected.

Steps involved in Online Testing

Select the Online screen in a test environment. Test each field for the acceptable data. Test the Test Scenario on the screen. Verify the database for the data updates from the online screen.

Test Reporting – Defect should be logged if the actual result deviates from expected.

Steps involved in Online – Batch Integration testing

Run the job in a Test Environment and validate the data on the online screens. Update the data on the online screens and validate if the batch job is properly run with the updated data.

Commands used in Mainframe Testing

SUBMIT – Submit a background job. CANCEL – Cancel background job. ALLOCATE – Allocate a dataset COPY – Copy a dataset RENAME – Rename data set DELETE – Delete Dataset JOB SCAN –To bind the JCL with the program, libraries, file, etc. without executing it.

There are many other commands used when required, but they are not that frequent.

Pre-requisites to start mainframe testing

Basic details needed for mainframe testing are:

Login ID and password for logging into the application. Brief knowledge on ISPF commands. Names of the files, file qualifier and their types.

Before starting mainframe testing, the below aspects should be verified.

Job

Do a job scan (Command – JOBSCAN) to check for errors before executing it. CLASS parameter should be pointed to the test class. Direct the job output into spool or a JHS or as required by using MSGCLASS parameter. Reroute the email in the job to spool or a test mail ID. Comment the FTP steps for initial testing and then point the job to a test server. In case an IMR (Incident Management record) is generated in the job, just add comment “TESTING PURPOSE” in the job or param card. All the production libraries in the job should be changed and pointed to test libraries. The job should not be left unattended. To prevent the job to run in an infinite loop incase of any error, TIME parameter should be added with specified time. Save the output of the job including the spool. The spool can be saved using XDC.

File

Create test file of needed size only. Use GDGs(Generation Data Groups – Files with the same name but with sequential version numbers– MYLIB.LIB.TEST.G0001V00,MYLIB.LIB.TEST.G0002V00 so on ) when necessary to store data into consecutive files with the same name. The DISP (Disposition – describes the system to perform keep or delete the dataset after normal or abnormal termination of the step or job) parameter for the files should be coded correctly. Ensure that all the files used for job execution are saved and closed properly to prevent job to go into HOLD. While testing using GDGs make sure that the right version is pointed at.

Database

While executing the job or online program, ensure that unintended data is not inserted or updated or deleted. Also, ensure that the correct DB2 region is used for testing.

Test cases

Always test for boundary conditions like – Empty file, First record processing, Last record processing, etc. Always include both positive and negative test conditions. In case if standard procedures are used in the program like Check point restart, Abend Modules, Control files, etc. include test cases to validate if the modules have been used correctly.

Test Data

Test data setup should be done before the beginning of the testing. Never modify the data on the test region without notifying. There may be other teams working with same data, and their test would fail. In case the production files are needed during the execution, proper authorization should be obtained before copying or using them.

Best Practices

Incase of a Batch Job run, MAX CC 0 is an indicator that the job has run successfully. It does not mean that the functionality is working fine. The job will run successfully even when the output is empty or not as per the expectation. So it is always expected to check all the outputs before declaring the job successful. It is always a good practice to do a dry run of the job under test. Dry run is done with empty input files. This process should be followed for the jobs which are impacted by the changes made for the test cycle. Before the test cycle begins the test job set up should be done well in advance. This will help in finding out any JCL error in advance hence saving time during execution. While accessing DB2 tables through SPUFI (Option on the emulator to access DB2 tables), always set auto commit as “NO” in order to avoid accidental updates.
Test Data availability is the primary challenge in batch testing. Required data should be created well in advance of the test cycle and should be checked for completeness. Some online transactions and batch jobs may write data into MQs (Message Queue) for transmitting data to other applications. If the data is not valid, it may disable/stop MQs, this will affect the whole testing process. It is a good practice to check that MQs are working fine after testing.

Mainframe testing Challenges and Troubleshooting

Common Abends encountered

S001 – An I/O error occurred. Reason – Reading at the end of the file, file length error, attempt to write into read-only file.

S002 – Invalid I/O record. Reason – Attempt to write a record longer than record length.

S004 – Error occurred during OPEN. Reason – Invalid DCB

S013 – Error opening a dataset. Reason – PDS member does not exist, record length in the program does not match the actual record length.

S0C1 – Operation Exception Reason –Unable to open file, missing DD card

S0C4 – Protection exception/ Storage violation Reason – Trying access storage not available to the program. S0C7 – Program Check Exception – Data Reason – Change in record layout or file layout. Sx22 – Job has been canceled S222 – Job canceled by the user without a dump. S322 – Job or Step time exceeded the specified limit, or the program is in a loop or insufficient time parameter. S522 – TSO session timeout. S806 –Unable to link or load. Reason – Job id unable to find the specified load module.

S80A – Not enough virtual storage to satisfy GETMAIN or FREEMAIN requests. S913 – Trying to access the dataset which the user is not authorized. Sx37 – Unable to allocate enough storage to the dataset.

Error Assist – A very popular tool to get detailed information on various types of abends.

Common issue faced during mainframe testing

Job Abends – For successful completion of the job, you should check the data, input file and the modules present at the specific location or not. Abends can be faced due to multiple reasons, the most common being – Invalid data, Incorrect input field, date mismatch, environmental issues, etc.

Output file empty–Though the job might run successfully (MaxCC 0), the output might not be as expected. So before passing any test case, the tester have to make sure that the output is cross verified. Only then proceed further.

Input file empty – In some applications, files will be received from the upstream processes. Before using the received file for testing current application, the data should be cross verified to avoid re-execution and rework.

Summary:

Mainframe testing is like any other testing procedure starting from Requirement gathering, test design, test execution and result reporting. In order to test the application effectively, the tester should participate in design meetings scheduled by development and business teams. It is mandatory for the tester to get accustomed to various mainframe test function. Like screen navigation, file and PDS creation, saving test results, etc. before the test cycle begins. Mainframe application testing is a time taking process. A clear test schedule should be followed for test design, data setup and execution. Batch testing and Online testing should be done effectively without missing any functionality mentioned on Requirement document, and no Test Case should be spared.